Possession and Transfer of Personal Property
1.1. Distinction between Real Property (Land) and Personal Property or Chattels
1.1.1 Historic Distinction
1.1.2. Tangible Real Property
1.1.3. Chattels
1.1.4. Things In Between: Fixtures and the Like
1.1.5. Intangibles
1.2. Wild Animals
1.2.1. Ownership Through Capture
1.2.2. Escape
1.2.3. Exception for Trespassers
1.3. Rights of Possessors
1.3.1. Right of Owner to Possess
1.3.1.1. Physical Possession
1.3.1.2. Intent to Control
1.3.1.3. Constructive Possession
1.3.1.4. Custody
1.3.2. Right of Owner to Transfer Rights
1.4. Accession (Adding of New Value to a Chattel)
1.4.1. By Natural Growth
1.4.2. By Labor of Another
1.4.2.1. Willful Wrongdoer
1.4.2.2. Innocent Wrongdoer
1.4.3. By Trespasser to Realty
1.4.4. Addition of Goods Owned by Another
1.5. Bona Fide Purchasers
1.6. Bailment (the rightful possession of goods by one who is not the owner)
1.6.1. Differ from Bailments in Contracts Course (here K implied or non-existent)
1.6.2. Characteristics
1.6.2.1. Title Remains in Bailor
1.6.2.2. Problems of Fungible Goods (ex. grain in an elevator)
1.6.2.3. Distinguished from a Sale
1.6.2.4. Possession and Physical Control by Bailee
1.6.2.5. Intent by Bailee to Assume Custody and Control
1.6.2.5.1. Intent to Take Possession and Exercise Control Need Not be Voluntary
1.6.3. Standards of Care Imposed on the Bailee
1.6.3. Standards of Care Imposed on the Bailee / 1.6.3.1. Older View
1.6.3.1. Older View / 1.6.3.1.1. Was Bailment for the Benefit of the Bailor or the Bailee or Both?
1.6.3. Standards of Care Imposed on the Bailee / 1.6.3.2. Modern View
1.6.3.2. Modern View / 1.6.3.2.1. Bailee Must Exercise Ordinary Care Under the Circumstances
1.6.3.2. Modern View / 1.6.3.2.2. What Circumstances Do Courts Consider? Bailment that Results from Contract
1.6.3.2. Modern View / 1.6.3.2.3. Public Policy Considerations
1.6.4. Duty of Bailee to Redeliver
1.6.4. Duty of Bailee to Redeliver / 1.6.4.1. Demand by Bailor
1.6.4. Duty of Bailee to Redeliver / 1.6.4.2. Demand May be Unnecessary If Goods Destroyed
1.6.4. Duty of Bailee to Redeliver / 1.6.4.3. Wrongful Termination of the Bailment by the Bailee
1.6.4. Duty of Bailee to Redeliver / 1.6.4.4. Liability Inferred in Goods Not Returned
1.6.4. Duty of Bailee to Redeliver / 1.6.4.5. Liability for Conversion
1.6.5. Bailee's Rights
1.6.5. Bailee's Rights / 1.6.5.1. Right to Possession and Use
1.6.5. Bailee's Rights / 1.6.5.2. Right to Compensation and Expenses
1.6.5. Bailee's Rights / 1.6.5.3 Right to Exercise a Lien
1.6.5. Bailee's Rights / 1.6.5.4. Right to Sue a Third Party
1.6.6. Bailor's Rights Against Third Parties
1.6.6. Bailor's Rights Against Third Parties / 1.6.6.1. Against Bono Fide Furchasers
1.6.6. Bailor's Rights Against Third Parties / 1.6.6.2. Against Those Who Damage or Destroy the Goods
1.7. Intervivos Gifts
1.7. Intervivos Gifts / 1.7.1. Elements of an Intervivos Gift
1.7. Intervivos Gifts / 1.7.2. Understanding Intent and Delivery
1.7.2. Understanding Intent and Delivery / 1.7.2.1. Functions of Intent and Delivery
1.7.2. Understanding Intent and Delivery / 1.7.2.2. Permissible Types of Delivery
1.7.2. Understanding Intent and Delivery / 1.7.2.3. Delivery in Special Circumstances
1.7.2.3. Delivery in Special Circumstances / 1.7.2.3.1. Delivery to a Third party (Escrow)
1.7.2.3. Delivery in Special Circumstances / 1.7.2.3.2. Gifts of Intangibles and Undivided Interests
1.7.2.3. Delivery in Special Circumstances / 1.7.2.3.3 When Delivery Is Excused
1.7. Intervivos Gifts / 1.7.3. Conditional Gifts
1.8. Testamentary Gifts
1.8. Testamentary Gifts / 1.8.1. Testamentary Gifts
1.8. Testamentary Gifts / 1.8.2 .Causa Mortis Gifts
1.8. Testamentary Gifts / 1.8.3. Gifts of Future Interests
1.8.3. Gifts of Future Interests / 1.8.3.1. Present and Future Interests
1.8.3. Gifts of Future Interests / 1.8.3.2. Intent and Delivery Requirements
1.8.3. Gifts of Future Interests / 1.8.3.3. Distinguishing Inter Vivos Gifts of a Future Interest from a Testamentary Gift
1.9. Finders of Lost Property
1.9. Finders of Lost Property / 1.9.1 Rights of Possessor Over All Except the Owner
1.9. Finders of Lost Property / 1.9.2. Chattels Abandoned by Their First Owner
1.9.2. Chattels Abandoned by Their First Owner / 1.9.2.1. Abandoned When Owner Intentionally Gives Up Rights
1.9. Finders of Lost Property / 1.9.3. Property Lost When Owner Involuntarily Parted with Property
1.9. Finders of Lost Property / 1.9.4. Obligations of Finders of Lost Property
1.9. Finders of Lost Property / 1.9.5. Goods Found on Property of Another
1.9.5. Goods Found on Property of Another / 1.9.5.1. Goods Found Under the Soil vs. Treasure Trove
1.9.5. Goods Found on Property of Another / 1.9.5.2. Goods Found by Trespasser
1.9. Finders of Lost Property / 1.9.6. Goods Found by Employee
1.9. Finders of Lost Property / 1.9.7. Mislaid Property
1.10. Wrongful Possession
1.11. Fixtures
1.11. Fixtures / 1.11.1. Defined
1.11. Fixtures / 1.11.2. Transfer of Ownership of an Item
1.11. Fixtures / 1.11.3. Conversion of a Chattel to a Fixture
1.11. Fixtures / 1.11.4. Severance Conversion of a Fixture to a Chattel
1.11. Fixtures / 1.11.5. Landlord and Tenant Rules
Adverse Possession
2.2. Adverse Possession: An Introduction / 2.2.1. Mechanics of Adverse Possession (Pt. II)- How Adverse Possession Operates
2.2. Adverse Possession: An Introduction / 2.2.2. The Function of the Open and Notorious Standard
2.2. Adverse Possession: An Introduction / 2.2.3. Applying the Standard to Boundary Encroachment Disputes - The Relevance (or Irrelevance) of The True Owner's Knowledge of the Encroachment
2.2. Adverse Possession: An Introduction / 2.2.4. Adverse Possession of Open Lands
2.3. Color of Title and Constructive Adverse Possession / 2.3.1. Defined
2.3. Color of Title and Constructive Adverse Possession / 2.3.2. Shortening the Limitations Period
2.3. Color of Title and Constructive Adverse Possession / 2.3.3. Constructive Adverse Possession
2.4. Exclusive and Continuous Possession for the Statutory Period / 2.4.1. Exclusive Possession
2.4. Exclusive and Continuous Possession for the Statutory Period / 2.4.2. Continuous Possession
2.4.2. Continuous Possession / 2.4.2.1. Continuity
2.4.2. Continuous Possession / 2.4.2.2. Transfers and Tacking
2.4.2. Continuous Possession / 2.4.2.3. Interrupting the Statutory Period
2.4.2.3. Interrupting the Statutory Period / 2.4.2.3.1. Conduct that Interrupts the Statutory Period
2.4.2.3. Interrupting the Statutory Period / 2.4.2.3.2. Tolling (Non-running) of the Statutory Period
2.5. Hostility of Possession / 2.5.1. The Significance of Permission
2.5. Hostility of Possession / 2.5.2. Evaluating Hostility
2.5.2. Evaluating Hostility / 2.5.2.1. The Majority (Objective) Approach
2.5.2. Evaluating Hostility / 2.5.2.2. Minority (Subjective) Approaches
Servitudes Including Easements and Promises Concerning Land
3.1. Easements / 3.1.1. Defined
3.1. Easements / 3.1.2. Negative Easements in Contrast to Affirmative Easements
3.1.2. Negative Easements in Contrast to Affirmative Easements / 3.1.2.1. Creation of Negative Easements
3.1.2. Negative Easements in Contrast to Affirmative Easements / 3.1.2.2. Types of Negative Easements
3.1. Easements / 3.1.3. Easement Appurtenant and Easement in Gross
3.1.3. Easement Appurtenant and Easement in Gross / 3.1.3.1. Defined
3.1.3. Easement Appurtenant and Easement in Gross / 3.1.3.2. Distinguishing Easements Appurtenant from Easements in Gross
3.1. Easements / 3.1.4. Scope of Easements
3.1.4. Scope of Easements / 3.1.4.1. Conflict Between Rights of Easement Users and Owners of the Servient Tenement
3.1. Easements / 3.1.5. Implied vs. Express Easements
3.1.5. Implied vs. Express Easements / 3.1.5.1. Defined
3.1.5. Implied vs. Express Easements / 3.1.5.2. Creation
3.1.5. Implied vs. Express Easements / 3.1.5.3. Easements by Express Reservation and by Express Grant
3.1. Easements / 3.1.6. Implied Easement of Necessity
3.1.6. Implied Easement of Necessity / 3.1.6.1. Purpose of Implying the Easement
3.1.6. Implied Easement of Necessity / 3.1.6.2. Requirements for the Implication of the Easement
3.1.6. Implied Easement of Necessity / 3.1.6.3. Severance of the Dominant and Servient Parcels
3.1.6. Implied Easement of Necessity / 3.1.6.4. Necessity
3.1.6. Implied Easement of Necessity / 3.1.6.5. Timeframe
3.1.6. Implied Easement of Necessity / 3.1.6.6. Continuation
3.1.6. Implied Easement of Necessity / 3.1.6.7. Statutory Aspects
3.1. Easements / 3.1.7. Prescriptive Easements
3.1.7. Prescriptive Easements / 3.1.7.1. Purposes Underlying the Easement's Recognition
3.1.7. Prescriptive Easements / 3.1.7.2. Requirements to Support Acquisition
3.1.7. Prescriptive Easements / 3.1.7.3. Tacking
3.1.7. Prescriptive Easements / 3.1.7.4. Prescriptive Use
3.1. Easements / 3.1.8. Chapter of Dominant or Servient estates (Dominant)
3.1. Easements / 3.1.9. Rights and Duties of Servient Owners & Easement Holders
3.1. Easements / 3.1.10. Termination of Easements
3.2. Profits a Prendre - Right to Take / 3.2.1. Defined
3.2. Profits a Prendre - Right to Take / 3.2.2. Relation to an Easement
3.2. Profits a Prendre - Right to Take / 3.2.3. Creation: Profits Appurtenant or in Gross
3.2. Profits a Prendre - Right to Take / 3.2.4. Termination of Profits
3.3. Licenses / 3.3.1. Defined
3.3. Licenses / 3.3.2. Types of Licenses
3.4. Covenants Running with Land (aka Real Covenants) / 3.4.1. Defined
3.4. Covenants Running with Land (aka Real Covenants) / 3.4.2. Reason for Real Covenants
3.4. Covenants Running with Land (aka Real Covenants) / 3.4.3. Termination of Covenants
3.4. Covenants Running with Land (aka Real Covenants) / 3.4.4. Comparison Between Restatement & Traditional Common Law Rules
3.4. Covenants Running with Land (aka Real Covenants) / 3.4.5. Requirements for Creation
3.4.5. Requirements for Creation / 3.4.5.1. Formalities
3.4.5. Requirements for Creation / 3.4.5.2. Intent
3.4.5. Requirements for Creation / 3.4.5.3. Touch and Concern
3.4.5. Requirements for Creation / 3.4.5.4. Privity of Estate
3.4. Covenants Running with Land (aka Real Covenants) / 3.4.6. Enforcement of a Covenant
3.4.6. Enforcement of a Covenant / 3.4.6.1. Rights and Duties of Parties
3.4.6. Enforcement of a Covenant / 3.4.6.2. Burden and Benefit
3.4.6. Enforcement of a Covenant / 3.4.6.3 Defense to Enforcement
3.4. Covenants Running with Land (aka Real Covenants) / 3.4.7. Validity and Scope
Possessory Estates
4.1. Historical Underpinnings of Tenure Explained
4.2. Fee Simple
4.2.1. Fee Simple Absolute
4.2.1.1. The Concept of an Estate in Land
4.2.1.1.1 Possession
4.2.1.1.2 Potential Duration
4.2.1.1.3 Freehold vs. Non-Freehold Estates
4.2.1.2 Characteristics of the Fee Simple Absolute
4.2.1.3 Creation of a Fee Simple
4.3. Fee Tail Estate
4.3.1. Historical Origins of The Fee Tail Estate
4.3.2. Legal Characteristics of the Traditional Fee Tail Estate
4.3.3. Modern Fee Tail and Fee Simple Conditional Estates
4.3.4. Treatment of the Fee Tail Under Modern Statutes
4.4. Defeasible Estates
4.4. Defeasible Estates / 4.4.1. Rules of Construction of Language
4.4. Defeasible Estates / 4.4.2. Fee Simple Determinable
4.4.2. Fee Simple Determinable / 4.4.2.1. Relation to Specified Event
4.4.2. Fee Simple Determinable / 4.4.2.2. Buzz Words for Creation
4.4. Defeasible Estates / 4.4.3. Fee Simple Subject to a Condition Subsequent
4.4.3. Fee Simple Subject to a Condition Subsequent / 4.4.3.1. Grantor's Rights and Relation to a Specific Event
4.4.3. Fee Simple Subject to a Condition Subsequent / 4.4.3.2. Buzz Words for Creation
4.4. Defeasible Estates / 4.4.4. Fee Simple Subject to an Executory Interest
4.4.4. Fee Simple Subject to an Executory Interest / 4.4.4.1. Statute of Uses
4.4.4. Fee Simple Subject to an Executory Interest / 4.4.4.2. Creation in third parties
4.4. Defeasible Estates / 4.4.5. Defeasible Life Estate
4.4. Defeasible Estates / 4.4.6. Defeasible Non-freehold (Estate for Years)
4.5. Life Estates
4.5.1. Definition and Creation
4.5.2. Characteristics of Life Estate
4.6. Restraints on Alienation
4.6. Restraints on Alienation / 4.6.1 Direct and Indirect Restraints
4.6. Restraints on Alienation / 4.6.2 Disabling, Forfeiture and Promissory Restraints
4.6. Restraints on Alienation / 4.6.3 Restraints on Fee Simple Estates Promissory Restraint
4.6.3 Restraints on Fee Simple Estates Promissory Restraint / 4.6.3.1 Absolute Restraints on Fee Simple Estates
4.6.3 Restraints on Fee Simple Estates Promissory Restraint / 4.6.3.2 Restraints on Fee Simple Estates Limited as to Time
4.6.3 Restraints on Fee Simple Estates Promissory Restraint / 4.6.3.3 Restraints on Fee Simple Estates Limited as to Transferees
4.6.3 Restraints on Fee Simple Estates Promissory Restraint / 4.6.3.4 Restraints on Fee Simple Estates Limited as to Manner of Alienation
4.7. Doctrine of Cy Pres